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Ayurveda in Kerala
With a history of more than 5000 years, Ayurveda is an alternative treatment method with hardly any side effects. It is a simple, practical science of life. The word 'Ayurveda' is composed of two Sanskrit terms - 'Ayu' meaning life and 'Veda' meaning knowledge.
According to Ayurvedic system, human body consists of three primary life forces or biological humors, which are Vatha, Pitha and Kapha. These three doshas are called the tridoshas. A balance among these life forces is essential for proper health. Any imbalance among the tridoshas causes a state of unhealthiness or disease.
Ayurvedic treatment measures include internal medicine, external medicine, surgical treatment and psychotherapy. They can be classified under two groups - tonification and reduction. Reduction therapies decrease excesses in the body while tonification methods nurture insufficiency in the body. Reduction therapy has two parts called pacification and purification. Pacification is done with herbs, fasting, exercise, sunbathing and exposure to wind. Purification is a special form of therapy for elimination of the disease causing humors. All these require preliminary Ayurvedic practices of oleation and sweating.
Kerala a southern state of India, has developed its own Ayurvedic treatment modalities like Dhara, Pizhichil, Navarakizhi, Elakizhi, Sirovasthi, Thalapothichil etc. which are highly effective in a number of diseases, which include motor neuron diseases, arthritis of various kinds, skin diseases, heart diseases, peptic ulcer, asthma, peripheral vascular diseases and gynecological disorders.
Some of the prime body treatments and body care in Ayurveda have been listed below: -
Pizhichil:
Lukewarm herbal oils are applied all over the body by two to four trained therapists in a special rhythmic way continuously for about 60 to 90 minutes per day for a period of 7 to 21 days. This treatment is very useful for Rheumatic diseases like Arthritis, Parlysis, Hemiplegia, Paralysis-Agitanus, Sexual Weakness, Nervous Weakness and Nervous disorders.
Njavarakizhi:
The whole body or any specific part thereof is made to perspire by the application of certain medical puddings externally in the form of Boluses tied up in muslin bag. Two to four therapist applies this for about 60-90 minutes per day for a period of 14 days. This Treatment is for all types of Rheumatism, Pain in the Joints, Emaciation of limbs, High blood pressure, Cholesterol and certain kinds of skin diseases.
Dhara:
In this process, some Herbal oils, medicated milk, medicated butter milk etc. are poured on the forehead in a special method for about 45 minutes in a day for a period of 7-21 days. This treatment is mainly for Insomnia, Vatha Predominated diseases, Mental tension and certain skin diseases.
Vasthi:
Certain herbal oils and herbal extracts are applied through the rectum daily for a period 5 to 25 days. This Treatment is for Arthritis, Paralysis, Hemiplegia, Numbness, Bastric complaints associated with Rheumatism and constant constipation.
Sirovasthi:
Certain lukewarm herbal oils are poured into a cap fitted on the head for 15 to 60 minutes per day according to the patient's condition for a period of 7 days. This treatment is highly effective for facial paralysis, Dryness of nostrils, mouth and throat, Severe headaches, and other Vatha originated diseases.
Udvarthanam:
A typical massage with herbal powder for about 30 to 45 minutes daily for a period of 14 to 28 days, this treatment is for the diseases like Hemitplegia, Paralysis, Obesity and certain Rheumatic ailments.
Abhyangam:
Special type of oil massage in which strokes are given according to the diseases for 45 minutes per day for 14 days, this treatment is very useful for Obesity, Especially for Diabetic Gangrene and many more.
Nasyam:
Herbal juices and medicated oils are applied through nose for 7 to 14 day. This treatment is highly effective for certain kinds of Headaches, Paralysis, Mental disorders and some types of skin disease.
Snehapanam:
Mediated Ghee is given internally in a proportionally increased quantity for a period of 8 to 12 days. This treatment is for Osteoathritis, Psoriasis and Leukaemia.
Kizhi:
Herbal leaves and herbs or herbal powders are applied to the whole body in boluses with hot medicated oils for 45 minutes per day for a period of 7 to 14 days. This treatment is for osteoarthritis, arthritis with swelling, spondilosis and sports injuries.
Dhanyamla Dhara:
Warm herbal liquid is poured all over the body in a rhythmic way through a special vessel for 45 minutes to 1-hour daily. This treatment is very effective for Hemiplegia, Paralysis Rheumatic complaints and other such diseases.
Yoni Prakshalanam:
Herbal oils and decoctions are applied through the vaginal route. This treatment is good for gynecological disorders. It is also a purification process for genital organs.
Kativasthi:
In this process specially prepared warm medicated oil is kept over the lower back with herbal paste boundary, This treatment lasts for 45 minutes to 1 hour and it is good for any type of back pain and spinal disorders.
Urovasthi:
Like Kativasthi warm medicated oil is kept over the chest for 45 minutes this is an effective treatment for asthma, other respiratory problems hearth diseases and muscular chest pain
Ksheeradhoomam:
This is fermentation with medicated cow milk. This treatment is good for facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, speech disorders and other nervous disorders of the face.
Thalam:
Special powder mixed with medicated oil is applied on the top of the head for 20 to 45 minutes. This treatment is helpful for ENT problems, insomnia and migraine.
Lepanam:
This is a process by which medicated herbal paste is applied on the affected part and is useful for various types of inflammatory conditions.
The premium Ayurvedic centres in Kerala include Nagarjuna Ayurvedic Centre, Kalady that bagged the 2002-03 award for Best Ayurvedic Centre by Kerala tourism, Sera Sankara Ayurveda Vaidyasala, Perunnai, Changanacherry and Kairali Ayurvedic Health Resort, Palakkad.
Certain lukewarm herbal oils are poured into a cap fitted on the head for 15 to 60 minutes per day according to the patient's condition for a period of 7 days. This treatment is highly effective for facial paralysis, Dryness of nostrils, mouth and throat, Severe headaches, and other Vatha originated diseases.
Udvarthanam:
A typical massage with herbal powder for about 30 to 45 minutes daily for a period of 14 to 28 days, this treatment is for the diseases like Hemitplegia, Paralysis, Obesity and certain Rheumatic ailments.
Abhyangam:
Special type of oil massage in which strokes are given according to the diseases for 45 minutes per day for 14 days, this treatment is very useful for Obesity, Especially for Diabetic Gangrene and many more.
Nasyam:
Herbal juices and medicated oils are applied through nose for 7 to 14 day. This treatment is highly effective for certain kinds of Headaches, Paralysis, Mental disorders and some types of skin disease.
Snehapanam:
Mediated Ghee is given internally in a proportionally increased quantity for a period of 8 to 12 days. This treatment is for Osteoathritis, Psoriasis and Leukaemia.
Kizhi:
Herbal leaves and herbs or herbal powders are applied to the whole body in boluses with hot medicated oils for 45 minutes per day for a period of 7 to 14 days. This treatment is for osteoarthritis, arthritis with swelling, spondilosis and sports injuries.
Dhanyamla Dhara:
Warm herbal liquid is poured all over the body in a rhythmic way through a special vessel for 45 minutes to 1-hour daily. This treatment is very effective for Hemiplegia, Paralysis Rheumatic complaints and other such diseases.
Yoni Prakshalanam:
Herbal oils and decoctions are applied through the vaginal route. This treatment is good for gynecological disorders. It is also a purification process for genital organs.
Kativasthi:
In this process specially prepared warm medicated oil is kept over the lower back with herbal paste boundary, This treatment lasts for 45 minutes to 1 hour and it is good for any type of back pain and spinal disorders.
Urovasthi:
Like Kativasthi warm medicated oil is kept over the chest for 45 minutes this is an effective treatment for asthma, other respiratory problems hearth diseases and muscular chest pain
Ksheeradhoomam:
This is fermentation with medicated cow milk. This treatment is good for facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, speech disorders and other nervous disorders of the face.
Thalam:
Special powder mixed with medicated oil is applied on the top of the head for 20 to 45 minutes. This treatment is helpful for ENT problems, insomnia and migraine.
Lepanam:
This is a process by which medicated herbal paste is applied on the affected part and is useful for various types of inflammatory conditions.
The premium Ayurvedic centres in Kerala include Nagarjuna Ayurvedic Centre, Kalady that bagged the 2002-03 award for Best Ayurvedic Centre by Kerala tourism, Sera Sankara Ayurveda Vaidyasala, Perunnai, Changanacherry and Kairali Ayurvedic Health Resort, Palakkad.
Backwaters of Kerala
The beauty of Kerala lies in its backwaters that are unique in the entire world. Brimming with natural beauty and economically viable, this uniqueness of Kerala, makes it a heavenly delight for its visitors. It features 41 West-flowing rivers of Kerala that are the highlights of this fabulous gift of nature. In earlier times, this water highway covered the entire expanse from the South of Kerala to the northernmost part of the state but many of these waterways have been closed now. According to a legend, it was the warrior sage Parashuraman who threw his battle-axe and 'reclaimed' the land from the seas created Kerala. Today, Kerala remains a land of canals, lagoons, lakes and rivers, which constitute the so-famous Backwaters of Kerala, which have played an important part in the lifestyle of the people living on its shores. For the benefit of the tourists, the old waterways are being re-opened.
Kerala's backwaters provide a gateway to the visitors to see the true rural life of the region. The traditional lifestyle of Kerala's villages is tough, slow and highly labor intensive and the chief occupations of the people are boat building, prawn cultivation, sand mining, coir manufacture, limestone collection (by the specialist divers), rice farming and duck rearing, which is in sharp contrast to that of the teeming crowds of visitors who come to the place. Alapuzha is an ideal starting-point of the journey because of its large network of canals from where one passes through several small canals that come out into the Vembanad Lake, to the land of Kuttanad, which was once known as the rice bowl of Kerala, because of its cultivation of paddy fields that used a clever system of dykes and bunds. It is exciting to note that this place is one of the few places, which are below sea level.
Kumarakom has been recently discovered and have now blossomed into a beautiful backwater holiday destination with its spectacular lagoon fringed by coconut groves that have almost become an icon of Kerala tourism. This place also boasts of a 14-acre bird where one can spot several of avian species such as water ducks, cuckoos and Siberian storks. Coconut Lagoon and Englishman Henry Baker's bungalow that has now been converted into a heritage hotel by the Taj group are the chief attractions of the place.
Today, one may enjoy the backwaters of Kumarakom whole sailing in the local houseboats, called 'Kettuvallam' that are unique to this region.
Kollam with its maze of rivers, lakes and lagoons, is a popular destination where one can see splendid views of the glorious Kayamkulam Lake and the Ashtamudi Lake. Kochi, the commercial Capital of Kerala, is not far behind with its treasure of myriad lagoons, rivers and lakes.
Monsoons here are even more beautiful because of the traditional snake boat races with the 130 feet long Chundan boats as their highlights. Some of the major boat race events are the Nehru Trophy Boat Race held on the second Saturday of August and the Aranmula Boat Race, which is more traditional and is associated with temple festival at Aranmula. The boat carnival starts on the day of Thiruonam, the most auspicious day of the Kerala festival, Onam.
Besides these backwaters of Central Kerala, there are other places too such as Veli in South Kerala, and Kadinamkulam, Edava, Anjengo, Madayara, Peravur, Ashtamudi, Kayamkulam, Kodungalur, Chetuva and Valiyaparamba in North Kerala.
Kerala Boat Races
The boat races of Kerala are very famous. Kuttanad, which was once renowned as the rice bowl of Kerala and the upper Kuttanad area, are the most famous boat racing spots. Since the chief occupations of the natives are agriculture and fishing, the annual boat races are actually a platform for the display of physique and muscle power of the local people. The oarsmen and boats are selected and maintained in such an indigenous fashion as to give an exemplary performance. These boat races also bred communal harmony and unity as everybody could participate in them irrespective of caste, creed and classes.
Some of the most important boat races are: -
Nehru Trophy Boat Race
The most famous boat race of Kerala, the world-renowned Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held at Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha on the second Saturday of August every year. The highlights of these spectacular races are magnificent snake boats or Chundanvallams and its boisterous and rhythmic boat songs known as Vanchipattu. Nehru Trophy Boat Race is the biggest and the most famous event. This year the event falls on 9th August 2003. The first race was an impromptu one conducted in 1952 in honor of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who visited Alappuzha. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was so thrilled and excited by the event that on his return to Delhi in December that year, he donated a silver trophy, which is a replica of a snake boat placed on a wooden abacus bearing the following inscription above his signature - 'To the winners of the boat race which is a unique feature of community life in Travancore - Cochin.'
This trophy later came to be known as Nehru Trophy, and now the Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held every year to commemorate his visit to the place. The boat clubs and the boat race lovers spend lakhs of rupees for making this performance even more interesting and to win the trophy is considered a matter of pride and prestige. 18 snake boats will take part in the race this year and the 1370 meters long racecourse is divided into various tracks in such a manner that as the boats advance through these tracks, they appear like the fast moving snakes.
Champakulam Moolam Boat Race
The oldest and most popular snake boat race in Kerala, the race is held on the Champakulam Lake on the Moolam day of the Malayalam month Midhunam (the day of the installation of the deity) at the Sree Krishna Temple at Ambalappuzha. According to a legend, Maharaja Devanarayana of Chempakasseri on the advice of the royal priest built a beautiful temple at Ambalappuzha but just before the installation of the deity, he was told that the idol was not auspicious. However, on suggestion of his minister, her arranged for the beautiful idol of Sree Krishna, said to be presented to Arjuna by the Lord himself, to be brought down from the Karikulam Temple in Kurichi.
On the way back, his men stopped at Champakulam to spend the night and perform a Pooja (ritual). The next morning, boats from the entire region assembled to escort the idol in a colorful, ceremonial procession through the lake to the Temple. Even today, the pageant is still re-enacted with the same enthusiasm and the charming beauty of the procession of boats decorated with colorful parasols and performing arts that greets the spectator before the race enchants one. The race proper is held in various stages for various categories of boats.
Aranmula Boat Race
The two-day Aranmula Boat Race is more a water fiesta than a competition, conducted during Onam. The event is actually a re-enactment of the legendary Brahmin who made a votive offering of feeding one pilgrim a day. One day Sree Krishna himself appeared to him and the overjoyed Brahmin vowed to offer 51 measures of rice and all the provision for the Thiruvona Sadya (the sumptuous Onam feast) at the Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple. However, the rivals from another village tried to stop the Thiruvonachilavu Thoni (the boat carrying the offerings) but the Brahmin's own villagers came to the rescue on snake boats.
Since then, a fleet of Palliyodam (a large, luxurious snake boat used by gods and royalty) carried the offerings as a security measure. Today, the number of snake boats has reduced from some 48 to 26 and it has evolved into a colorful water carnival with an imposing effigy of Sree Krishna is taken out in procession on the lake with children dressed as nymphs and princesses. On the second day, snake boats decorated with silken parasols, carrying helmsmen, oarsmen and singers assemble near the temple early in the morning and then move away in pairs, creating a magnificent pageant. The boat race proper is held in the afternoon.
Rajiv Gandhi Trophy Boat Race (Pulinkunnu Rajiv Gandhi Boat Race)
Held two weeks after the Nehru Trophy Boat Race, this event is held at Pulinkunnu, 10 km away from the Alleppey town in the memory of the Late Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, the former Indian Prime Minister.
Payippadu Boat Race (Payippad Jalotsavam)
Held to commemorate the Prathista ceremony (installation of the deity) of Haripad Subramanya Temple, this event has a religious significance. Starting from the Onam festival, Payipad Boat Race is a three-day long festival where snake boat processions are taken out on the first two days while the competitive boat race takes place on the third day.
Some other Boat Races that are regularly organized are: -
Neerattupuram Boat Race,
Thiruvalla, Pamba Boat Race,
Haripad, Karuvatta Boat Race, and
Mannar Boat Race.
Climate of Kerala
Kerala is a small state in the southwest corner of India with pristine waters of the Arabian Sea washing its shores and an equable climate that varies from season to season. The Western Ghats on the eastern side of the state fall across the path of the southwest monsoon, thus, creating two major climatic zones, one with heavy rainfall on the windward side and a dry belt on the leeward side in the east.
Kerala's climate can be classified roughly into three main categories. From February to May, it is summertime and the climate is generally hot and humid. The southwest monsoons begin in June and continue till the middle of October or the beginning of November. In this season, there is fairly good rainfall without intermission. It is followed by fair weather during December and January. Though, northeast monsoons do being some thunderstorms with rains and linger on till the month of February. However, these spells of rain do not last long but the weather becomes very sultry. In the mountain ranges, there is heavy fog from April.
Kerala has a moderate and balanced climate throughout the year. Even at the height of the monsoons, the temperature rarely dips below a pleasant 18 oC. It has a warm and pleasant tropical monsoon climate with seasonally excessive rainfall. The peak tourist season or the best time to visit the area is from September to February. The summer months are warm and humid with a mean max temperature of about 33 oC.
Blessed with plentiful rain, the southwest monsoon or the Edavappathi bring rains during June-September and the northeast monsoon or the Thulavarsham during October to December. The total annual rainfall in the state varies from 380 cm over the extreme northern parts to about 180 cm to the south. The amount of rainfall decreases towards the south almost in proportion with the decrease in altitude of the Western Ghats. July receives the maximum rainfall that count up to about 25 rainy days as calculated by all meteorological centres of the region.
Kerala is a small state in the southwest corner of India with pristine waters of the Arabian Sea washing its shores and an equable climate that varies from season to season. The Western Ghats on the eastern side of the state fall across the path of the southwest monsoon, thus, creating two major climatic zones, one with heavy rainfall on the windward side and a dry belt on the leeward side in the east.
Kerala's climate can be classified roughly into three main categories. From February to May, it is summertime and the climate is generally hot and humid. The southwest monsoons begin in June and continue till the middle of October or the beginning of November. In this season, there is fairly good rainfall without intermission. It is followed by fair weather during December and January. Though, northeast monsoons do being some thunderstorms with rains and linger on till the month of February. However, these spells of rain do not last long but the weather becomes very sultry. In the mountain ranges, there is heavy fog from April.
Kerala has a moderate and balanced climate throughout the year. Even at the height of the monsoons, the temperature rarely dips below a pleasant 18 oC. It has a warm and pleasant tropical monsoon climate with seasonally excessive rainfall. The peak tourist season or the best time to visit the area is from September to February. The summer months are warm and humid with a mean max temperature of about 33 oC.
Blessed with plentiful rain, the southwest monsoon or the Edavappathi bring rains during June-September and the northeast monsoon or the Thulavarsham during October to December. The total annual rainfall in the state varies from 380 cm over the extreme northern parts to about 180 cm to the south. The amount of rainfall decreases towards the south almost in proportion with the decrease in altitude of the Western Ghats. July receives the maximum rainfall that count up to about 25 rainy days as calculated by all meteorological centres of the region.
Dances of Kerala
Kerala is rich with about 35 different types of tribal people and tribal dances like Elelakkaradi, Paniyarkali and Mankali have managed to withstand the test of the changing times. The dances of Kerala can be divided into roughly three types - folk dances, dance dramas and semi-classical dances apart from the two most popular classical dance forms of Kathakali and Mohiniattam. Here, we have tried to cover almost all the popular dances of the region but the land is so full of myriad culture, tradition and rituals that only a visit to the place can reveal all its glory.
Folk Dances:
Out of 50 traditional folk dances that have survived, Kummi is perhaps the most captivating with its continuously increasing pace and rhythm of the song and the dance steps and the exciting advancement of the complication of the dance steps that enchants the audience.
Tiruvathira dance is performed by maidens who revolve in a circle while performing dance steps to the beat of rhythmic claps that gives music to their graceful movements and the narrative song sung by the dancers as they go round. One of the best example is the narrative poetry based on the story of Shakuntala that Machatt Illyat wrote for this dance in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Evolved from Kalaripayattu, a group dance developed by the Syrian Christians of Kerala is known as Margamkali. The word 'Margam' means 'path' and it was indeed meant for the propagation of Christian religious ideas. There is no music to accompany the prformance and dancers sing themselves while playing in a circle around a lighted oil lamp. The master, leader and tutor of the performance of the troupe is known as 'Asan'. Since the language used by the characters is old Tamil, which is not the language of the performers and the audience (which is Malyalam), Asan remains on stage as the interpreter and leads the song too for the group.
Kolkali has only slight differences when performed by Christians, Muslims and and Harijans. A group dance performed in a circle, choreographed in such a way that dancers make rhythmic beat with short sticks in their hands. The steps are vibrant while songs consist mostly of meaningless syllables followed by verses. The dance gains tempo and pace as it advances. Only males participate in this dance and require basic martial art training to perform its complicated steps.
Muslims of Kerala have specific dance forms of their own including Oppana and Aravanmuttu. Performed by both men and women, Oppana is accompanied by clapping of hands. Mainly performed in marriages, the women perform in a circle and receive the bride while men stand aside singing songs, ready to receive the bridegroom. However, the origin of Aravana can be traced back to the Arabs and is still accompanied by Arabic music. The instrument used to produce rhythm is called daf or tap, a round percussion instrument with one side covered with hide.
Dance Dramas:
Yatrakali is known by different names such as Samghakkali, Chattira Ankam, Sastramkam, Kshatramkam or Panemkali. An art of the Nambootiris, it originated when the Nambootiris were persecuted under the rule of one of the Cheraman Perumals who accepted the Buddhist faith as a mirror held against the artistic and social sense of the region and the times. Elements of many popular forms of dance and music were incorporated into this art either in their transformed or real forms.
Ochirakali is held at a place called Ochira in Alleppey district as a part of an annual festival where a mock fight is staged lasting for two days to commemorate a battle fought between the kings of two feudal principalities, Kayamkulam and Ambalapuzha. The fight takes place in front of the Ochira temple that has no temple building or any image of god or goddess. Each group advances in offence and retreats in defence and the movements gain momentum and tempo as the show advances.
Chavittunatakam is a Christian dramatic form which was introduced during the time of the Portuguese in Kerala in the16th century A.D. 'Chavittu' means the rhythmic steps which accompanied the recitation of lines. Inspited by the Western Opera type of theatre, the themes, acting techniques, stage structure and plot treatment presented were western while the texts were written in old Tamil.
Manavedan founded Krishnattam, a choreographed dance drama based on Krishna's life while the Raja of Kottarakkara introduced Ramanattam, play based on Ramayana. Ramanattam was performed in Manipravala style and was performed by the Raja himself and his Nayar soldiers.
Semi Classical Dance:
The word 'Thullal' means dance and it emerged in the eighteenth century. The cumulative product of all traditional folk and classical theatrical arts of Kerala, it was founded by Kunchan Nambiar to represent the accumulated aesthetic experience of all sections of the society. The themes were drawn from the never failing myths and epics of India. A solo performance, it is a tale narrated in verse. The full painting of the face is retained for the expressive advantage. The costume is picturesque. Based on different styles of narrative singing, rhythms of dancing, foot work and make-up of the dancer, three varieties of Thullal that were evolved in course of time are Ottan Thullal, the most popular one, Seethankan Thullal and Parayan Thullal.
Koodiyattam emerged in the ninth century as a full-fledged dramatic presentation in Sanskrit. The Vidushaka, the comic character, was the only one character who spoke in Malayalam and was actually an ironic foil to the hero. For the common people, a parallel tradition emerged in the form of Pathakam, which was written in Malayalam instead of in Sanskrit by Punam in the fifteenth century. Pana-Thottam is another form of a similar recital. This tradition finally culminated in the Thullal. Koodiyattom is a temple art and probably the only surviving form of the traditional presentation of Sanskrit drama.
Nanniar Koothu is a dance form conducted in some prominent Kerala temples by the womenfolk of Nambiar community, who are believed to be the descendants of the Devadasis community, as a ceremonial ritual. It is a solo dance based on the story of Sri Krishna.
Kathakali:
A well-developed dance-drama, it is a performance where the actors depict characters from the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata and from the Puranas (ancient scriptures). Adorned with elaborately painted faces, headgears and grand costumes, the dancers are accompanied by drummers and vocalists. Ritual traditions like Theyyams, Mudiyattam and the martial arts of Kerala played a major role in shaping the dance into its present form. The great poet Vallathol rediscovered Kathakali and established the Kerala Kalamandalam in 1932.
Mohiniyattam:
Older than Kathakali, Mohiniyattam is the female semi-classical dance form mainly performed in the temple precincts of Kerala. The dance of the enchantress, Mohiniyattam is also the heir to Devadasi dance heritage like Bharata Natyam, Kuchipudi and Odissi. The first reference to Mohiniyattam is found in 'Vyavaharamala' composed by Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri, assigned to the 16th century AD. Vallathol, a poet, revived it and gave it a status in modern times. The theme of Mohiniyattam is love and devotion to god. There are circular movements, delicate footsteps and subtle expressions that include suggestive 'bhavas'. It maintains a realistic makeup and simple dressing. The dancer is attired in the beautiful white and gold-bordered Kasavu saree of Kerala.
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Festivals of Kerala
Kerala has a number of festivals, mostly related with their religious institutions. A showcase to the traditional lifestyle and performing arts of Kerala, these festivals are characterized by vibrant music and dance, elaborate elephant processions and amazing fireworks. There are Utsavas of the Hindu temples and also the Perunals of Christian and Muslim churches that are celebrated with same enthusiasm and festivity along with the most famous occasions of the boat races, which have acquired an important place in the lives of Keralites. Here, we have covered the major events of the region: -
Vishu
One of the important festivals of Kerala, it is the Nre Year eve according to the old traditional Malayalam calendar and falls in the month of April. 'Kani-Kanal' is prepared in big pots comprising of coconuts, fruits, cereals and Konna flower in the night before the festival and behind the pot, a mirror and the garlanded deity of Krishna are kept. It is the first thing that people see as a good omen when they get out of bed and ask for the blessings of the God. In Kerala, the Kani in the temples of Guruvayur, Ambalapuzha and Sabarimala are famous.
Navaratri
Durga Puja of Bengal, Dussehra of Bombay and the Saraswati Puja and the Ayudha Puja of the South, it is a 10-day long festival devoted to Saraswati, the goddess of learning. In Travancore especially, the Navaratri is a state ceremony celebrated with great magnificence since the times of Padmanabhapuram when the Maharaja of Trivandrum stood in the Verandah of the 'Karivelappura Malika' in front of the Trivandrum temple and threw money to the masses standing below.
Deepawali Or Diwali
Deepavali is the festival of lights and crackers and sweets and is celebrated to commemorate the riddance of the world from the oppression of the Naraka by the god Krishna. The chief feature in the celebration of this festival is the oil bath early in the morning.
Trikartika
It is celebrated to commemorate the birth of Goddess Bhagvati. The houses are illuminated and people flock to the temple of the goddess and make offerings. In the evening, women go out to worship the goddess.
Maha Siva Ratri
'Maha Siva Ratri' or the great night of Siva, is celebrated in the month of March. On this day, people fast. The celebration of this festival at Siva temple at Alwaye on the banks of the Periyar River is a splendid one. The Lingam of Siva is worshipped for the entire night. A fair is held on a very large scale featuring shows, dances and dramas.
Thiruvathira
The festival of womenfolk of Kerala, it is celebrated to commemorate the death of Kamadevan, the cupid of Hindu mythology and then was granted an eternal spiritual life to him by Lord Siva. The maidens of the Nair families perform rituals since early morning and enjoy swings accompanied by songs and music. Special delicacies are prepared and a dance known as Thiruvathirakali or Kaikottikkali is performed by a group of women dancing in a circle around a lighted brass lamp wearing traditional dresses and singing exclusive Tiruvathira songs.
Onam
Onam is the most renowned festival of Kerala. A festival of flowers, it is a 10-day long harvest festival featuring songs and Kathakali dance performances, feasting, various indoor and outdoor games and boat races. According to a popular legend, on this day, the great, mighty and kind demon king of the region known as Mahabali returns to his people every year after he was condemned to live in abyss as a result of one of the deceitful ploys of God Vishnu, which he played to save the Kingdom of Gods from him but granted him an annual trip to his people. Onam celebrations are to ensure a colorful reception to King Mahabali. The legend is believed to have happened at Trikkakara, the legendary capital of King Mahabali.
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Forts of Kerala
India has a rich history and Kerala is no exception having a rich treasure of historical forts and palaces that reflects the splendor of the bygone era of kings and queens. However, the forts here are much less opulent than their Rajasthani counterparts but it is in their simplicity that marks their beauty. Having good natural harbors, Kerala has been host to a number of foreigners who settled on its coast and thus its architecture has influences of various countries that have blended in beautifully and harmoniously to lend Kerala, it's present look.
Palghat Fort
Also known as Tipu's Fort or Palakkad Fort, this well-preserved fort of 18th century is situated in the heart of Palghat (Palakkad) town. Built by Haider Ali of Mysore, supposedly to hasten communication between Coimbatore and the West Coast (both the sides of Western Ghats), it is today a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. Haider Ali's son Tipu Sultan earned the title of the 'Lion of Mysore' and became a legendary hero by waging a series of wars against the British colonial rule. In 1784 after a siege lasting eleven days, the British Colonel, Fullerton stormed the Fort. It later fell into the hands of the Zamorin's troops but was recaptured by the British in 1790. Tipu Sultan lost his life in 1799 in an encounter with the British and the fort later came to be known in his name. The sober majesty of the laterite walls of the fort reminds one of the old tales of valor and courage.
Bakel Fort
The largest and the best-preserved fort in Kasaragod district of Kerala, Bakel Fort, is surrounded by a splendid beach. It is believed to be built in the 1650's by Shivaappa naik of the Ikkeri dynasty. The fort changed hands over the years to the Kolathiri Rajas, the Vijayanagar empire, Tipu Sultan and finally, the British East India Company. Today, the Bekal fort and its surroundings are fast becoming an international tourist destination and a favorite shooting locale for filmmakers. Shaped like a giant keyhole, the historic Bekal fort offers a superb view of the Arabian Sea from its tall observation towers, which were once used for placing huge cannons. There is an old mosque near it that was built by the valiant Tipu Sultan of Mysore. Bekal is one of the five centres selected by the Government of India to be developed into a 'Special Tourism Area'.
Fort Kochi
The best way to explore the wonderland of Fort Cochin is by walking or cycling. The highlights of the fort are the Chinese fishing nets, the Jewish Synagogue, the Dutch palace, the Portuguese and British Architecture. Once an obscure fishing hamlet, Fort Cochin was the first European township in trade in Indian history. The magnificent Chinese fishing nets sketch a spectacular skyline. In 1553 with the permission of Maharaja of Cochin, Fort Immanuel, the first European Fort in India was constructed here by the Portuguese in which they built their houses, Churches and other buildings. Dutch wrested it from the Portuguese in 1663 and during the Dutch era, Fort Cochin climbed the heights of fame as a rich commercial centre, major military base, an illustrious cultural hub, a noted ship building yard and an age-old centre of Christianity. The British took over the town in 1795 and relegated it to the role of an administrative outpost. However, it remained the trade centre of spices and tea and one can still see the distinct strain of Indo-European Architecture i the bungalows and villas in this place that matured mostly in this period.
Pallippuram Fort
One of the oldest European monuments that exist in India, the Portuguese built Pallippuram Fort in 1503. It is famous for the renowned Catholic Church at Pallippuram, which is an important pilgrim centre.
Mattancherry Palace
Far from affluence and indulgence of imagination, the Mattancherry Palace has a quaint charm of its own. The Portuguese built the Mattancherry Palace in 1557 and had gifted it to the Raja of Cochin, Veera Kerala Varma, partly as compensation for a temple they'd destroyed, and partly as a bribe to gain favors from the ruling dynasty. In 1663, it fell into the hands of the Dutch who renovated the palace and thus, it is also known as the 'Dutch Palace'. A two-storied, quadrangular building, with a small temple dedicated to the deity Palayannur Bhagwati in the central courtyard, its Central Hall on the upper storey has a beautifully carved wooden ceiling and was once used as the venue for the coronation of Cochin's Rajas, and has a beautifully carved wooden ceiling. Dining Hall's ornate ceiling is decorated with a series of brass cups while the ceiling of the Assembly Hall is also highly ornamental. A series of beautifully executed and well-preserved murals from Hindu mythology adorn the walls of the rooms.
St. Angelo Fort
A massive triangular laterite fort, replete with a moat and flanking bastions, St. Angelo's Fort is also known as Kannur Fort. The first Portuguese Viceroy, Don Francesco de Almeida in 1505, constructed it and it passed hands from Dutch to British who renovated and equipped it to be their most important military station in Malabar. A protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, it offers a fascinating view of the Moppila Bay and Dharmadom Island situated 100 metres away from the mainland in the Arabian Sea. The Moppila Bay is a natural fishing bay and has turned into a modern fishing harbor. A sea wall projecting from the fort separates the rough sea and inland water.
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Hill Stations in Kerala
Nature has always been partial to Kerala with all its exotic seashores and lush green hill stations that are a delight to the visitors. Much of the highland area of the Western Ghats is enviable for its serene and tranquil surroundings, wonderful treks, aromatic plantations of tea, coffee, rubber and fragrant cardamom, tropical forests and rich flora and fauna rising to an average height of 1520 m. Here, we have attempted to cover the major hill stations.
Ponmudi
Situated at a height of 915 m above sea level, it is an Idyllic hill resort with narrow, winding pathways surrounded by cool, green, thickly wooded forests. Adorned with pretty mountain flowers, colorful butterflies, small rivulets and springs, these hill station boasts of a deer park and excellent trekking trails.
Idukki
Idukki means narrow gorge. It has a large population of tribals who have unique customs and beliefs and maintain an ethos, which is distinctly different from that of the mainstream culture. It is a small hill town surrounded by a spread of beautiful, wooden valleys, wildlife sanctuaries, hill stations, spice plantation tours, mountain treks, elephant rides and meandering streams. Three rivers and their tributaries surround the region, namely, Periyar, Thalayar and Thodupuzhayar while River Pamba originate from the place.
Munnar
Known for its cool climate and tea plantation, this serene and tranquil hill town houses many colonial bungalows, tea factories, wildlife sanctuaries and many lakes. Situated at the confluence of three mountain streams namely Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundala. Situated at an altitude of 1600 m above sea level, it was the erstwhile summer resort of the British government in South India. These hills are famous for the blue flowers of 'Neelakurinji', that blossom once in every twelve years to bathe the hills in blue. Next time they will bloom in 2006. Munnar also has the highest peak in south India, Anamudi, which towers over 2695 m and is an ideal spot for trekking.
Mattupetty
Located at a height of 1,700m, Mattupetti is famous for its highly specialized dairy farm that owes itself to the Indo-Swiss live stock project. It is home to over 100 varieties of high yielding cattle are reared here. One may visit the three of the eleven cattle sheds at the farm. However, Mattupetti Lake with a Dam and boating facilities is the favorite picnic spot of the region along with Kundala tea plantations and the Kundala Lake nearby.
Devikulam
An irresistible display of natural greenery, the slopes of Devikulam ascend to as high as 1000 metres adorned with the silent clusters of slender red and blue gum trees. 16 km southwest of Munnar, Devikulam (the lake of the goddess) sports a lovely little lake hidden amidst the rolling hills. According to a legend, Sita Devi, the consort of Lord Rama, came down to frolic in the lake and the place came to be known by the present name ever since.
Wagamon
65 km from Idukki town, 110 m above sea level, this hill station is mainly for trekkers with its beautiful trails and is surrounded by beautiful meadows, valleys and tea gardens.
Peruvannamuzhi
60 km from Kozhikode, the Peruvannamuzhi dam site set amidst hills is a beautiful picnic spot. The reservoir here provides speedboat and rowboat cruise facilities and uninhabited island, a bird sanctuary and a crocodile farm makes it much more inviting to the tourists.
Vythiri
A scenic place located in the sylvan Northern High Ranges in Wayanad District, it is exclusive, comfortable, refreshing, pollution free and inspiring with vast stretches of lush green land interspersed with perennial streams and rolling hills. Situated near the Pookot Lake, this little city breathes history and legend. A natural choice because of its accessibility, beauty and pleasant climate, it rises 2600 ft. above sea level and was once a favorite retreat for English planters during colonial times.
Lakkidi
One of the highest locations in Wayanad, it registers the second highest degree of Rainfall in the world. Killikkurissimangalam in Lakkidi is the birthplace of Kunjan Nambiar, Kerala's famous satirist poet, who is regarded as the progenitor of Ottanthullal, the traditional solo dance narration. His songs combine satirical barbs with rib tickling laughter. Some of the famous lines are still quoted to lampoon contemporary social injustices. The Government of Kerala preserves the poet's house as a monument.
Chembra Peak
The highest peak in Wayanad, at an altitude of 2100 m above sea level, it is located 14 km west of Kalpetta. Trekking to the Chembra peak is strictly for the adventurous types as it is risky. There are temporary camps on the top of this peak and one can hire guides, sleeping bags, canvass huts and trekking implements. The peak provides some breathtaking views of the scenic beauty of Wayanad district while the lake at the top of the hill never dries up. A spring murmurs along all the way and sprouts from the top of the hill.
60 km from Kozhikode, the Peruvannamuzhi dam site set amidst hills is a beautiful picnic spot. The reservoir here provides speedboat and rowboat cruise facilities and uninhabited island, a bird sanctuary and a crocodile farm makes it much more inviting to the tourists.
Vythiri
A scenic place located in the sylvan Northern High Ranges in Wayanad District, it is exclusive, comfortable, refreshing, pollution free and inspiring with vast stretches of lush green land interspersed with perennial streams and rolling hills. Situated near the Pookot Lake, this little city breathes history and legend. A natural choice because of its accessibility, beauty and pleasant climate, it rises 2600 ft. above sea level and was once a favorite retreat for English planters during colonial times.
Lakkidi
One of the highest locations in Wayanad, it registers the second highest degree of Rainfall in the world. Killikkurissimangalam in Lakkidi is the birthplace of Kunjan Nambiar, Kerala's famous satirist poet, who is regarded as the progenitor of Ottanthullal, the traditional solo dance narration. His songs combine satirical barbs with rib tickling laughter. Some of the famous lines are still quoted to lampoon contemporary social injustices. The Government of Kerala preserves the poet's house as a monument.
Chembra Peak
The highest peak in Wayanad, at an altitude of 2100 m above sea level, it is located 14 km west of Kalpetta. Trekking to the Chembra peak is strictly for the adventurous types as it is risky. There are temporary camps on the top of this peak and one can hire guides, sleeping bags, canvass huts and trekking implements. The peak provides some breathtaking views of the scenic beauty of Wayanad district while the lake at the top of the hill never dries up. A spring murmurs along all the way and sprouts from the top of the hill.
Malampuzha
A large irrigation dam built across the longest river in Kerala, the Bharathapuzha, it is situated at the base of the hills of the Western Ghats. The highlights of the place are its beautiful gardens, amusement parks, boating cruises, rock garden, fish-shaped aquarium, Snake Park, the ropeway, which takes the tourist on an aerial tour of the park, and the famous work Yakshi (an enchantress) sculpted by Kanai Kunjiraman. It is amazing to see the rock garden, which is built entirely of unwanted and broken pieces of bangles, tiles, used plastic cans, tins and other waste materials. The garden is a masterwork of sculptor Padmasree Nek Chand Saini. His rock garden in Chandigarh is world famous and attracts thousands of tourists every year.
A large irrigation dam built across the longest river in Kerala, the Bharathapuzha, it is situated at the base of the hills of the Western Ghats. The highlights of the place are its beautiful gardens, amusement parks, boating cruises, rock garden, fish-shaped aquarium, Snake Park, the ropeway, which takes the tourist on an aerial tour of the park, and the famous work Yakshi (an enchantress) sculpted by Kanai Kunjiraman. It is amazing to see the rock garden, which is built entirely of unwanted and broken pieces of bangles, tiles, used plastic cans, tins and other waste materials. The garden is a masterwork of sculptor Padmasree Nek Chand Saini. His rock garden in Chandigarh is world famous and attracts thousands of tourists every year.
Kerala House Boat
The beautiful backwaters of Kerala make a wonderful home to its traditional houseboats that take visitors on a dreamland journey meandering into the numerous lagoons, lakes, canals, estuaries and the deltas of a number of rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. Tranquility and bliss rules these parts of Kerala as one gets lost into the beauty of swaying coconut groves bordering the shores and the rural lifestyle of the people. The largest backwater stretch in Kerala is the Vembanad Lake, which flows through three districts and opens out into the sea at the Kochi port. It is houseboats that attract a considerable number of tourists to the backwaters. Huge, slow moving, exotic barges used for leisure trips of today are actually the reworked Kettuvalloms of olden times, which were once used to carry tonnes of rice and spices.
The word Kettuvallam means 'boat with knots' and it is surprising to note that the entire boat holds together with coir knots only. Not even a single nail is used during its construction! Made of planks of jack-wood joined together with coir, it is coated with a caustic black resin made from boiled cashew kernels. However, one does not need to worry because times have proved that with careful maintenance, a Kettuvallom can last for generations. Though, they are out of use now as carriers of load, clever humans have put them to a new use by modifying them and promoting them successfully as a tourist attraction. More than 100 years old, special rooms have been made in these boats to accommodate travelers who love to cruise in these houseboats, though, care has been taken to use only natural products such as bamboo mats, sticks and wood of the Aracanut tree are used for roofing, coir mats and wooden planks for the flooring and wood of coconut trees and coir for beds in the process. Solar panels are used for lighting. Alleppey alone has as many as 120 houseboats today.
Today, with the advancement of the tourism industry, luxury houseboats have been introduced that have acquired all the comforts of a good hotel including furnished bedrooms, modern toilets, cozy living rooms, a kitchen and even a balcony for angling. Parts of the curved roof of wood or plaited palm open out to provide shade and allow uninterrupted views of the panoramic scenery. These boats are either driven by local oarsmen or are powered by a 40 HP engine. In case of large groups, one may also opt for Boat trains that are formed by joining two or more houseboats together.
Monuments of Kerala
The most prevalent architectural style in the traditional historic and cultural monuments of Kerala is Nalukkettu or Ettukettu (four or eight sided structures with a centre courtyard and verandah opening out to it). The low sloping roofs and brick walls were designed to match the climatic conditions and texture of the land. Areas close to the harbors like Fort Kochi show a unique blend of typical Kerala, European, Chinese, Jewish and Arabic styles.
Chinese Fishing Nets/Vasco da Gama Square
These huge cantilevered fishing nets are the legacy of one of the first visitors to the Malabar Coast. Erected in Fort Kochi between 1350 and 1450 AD by traders from the court of Kublai Khan, these nets are built of teak wood and bamboo poles. The best place to watch the nets being lowered into the sea and catch being brought in is the Vasco da Gama Square, a narrow promenade that runs along the beach. The square is an ideal place to idle, with stalls serving fresh delicious seafood and tender coconut.
The most prevalent architectural style in the traditional historic and cultural monuments of Kerala is Nalukkettu or Ettukettu (four or eight sided structures with a centre courtyard and verandah opening out to it). The low sloping roofs and brick walls were designed to match the climatic conditions and texture of the land. Areas close to the harbors like Fort Kochi show a unique blend of typical Kerala, European, Chinese, Jewish and Arabic styles.
Chinese Fishing Nets/Vasco da Gama Square
These huge cantilevered fishing nets are the legacy of one of the first visitors to the Malabar Coast. Erected in Fort Kochi between 1350 and 1450 AD by traders from the court of Kublai Khan, these nets are built of teak wood and bamboo poles. The best place to watch the nets being lowered into the sea and catch being brought in is the Vasco da Gama Square, a narrow promenade that runs along the beach. The square is an ideal place to idle, with stalls serving fresh delicious seafood and tender coconut.
Jewish Synagogue
In Fort Cochin, there stands the famous Jewish Synagogue built in 1568, and preserved till today. The population of the Jews has dropped drastically with the establishing of the Jewish State of Israel, many Jewish settlers in Cochin and other parts of Kerala left the country for Israel. There are only about 17 Jews left, and that the number of adult males does not come up to the required number for a Priest, the Community is without one. The Jewish Synagogue will be probably be taken over by a Trust, and because of it's historical importance to the history of Cochin (Kochi), will be preserved.
Bastion Bungalow
Built in the Indo-European style way back in 1667 AD by the Potuguese, Bastion Bungalow of Ernakulam get its name from its location on the site of the Stromberg Bastion of the old, Dutch fort. The building blends beautifully into the circular structure of the bastion, has a tiled roof and typical first floor verandah in wood, along its front portion. Though it has been said that a network of secret tunnels runs beneath the bungalow, none has been found till now. Today, the bungalow is the official residence of the Sub-Collector.
Bolghatty Palace
A scenic island near the city of Ernakulam, Bolghatty is famous for the Bolghatty Palace built by the Dutch in 1744 AD. This palace was once a Governor's palace for the Dutch and later the home of the British Governors that has now been converted into a hotel. The palace is two-storeyed and contains well-decorated bedchambers and a huge lounge wherein historical portraits are displayed. The ferry ride from the mainland Ernakulam to the island is a pleasurable experience. There is a golf course to boot.
Koder House
Koder House, the magnificent building constructed by Samuel. S. Koder of the Cochin Electric Company in 1808 AD is a supreme example of transition from colonial to Indo-European architecture. Features like Veranda Seats at the entrance, floor tiles set in a chess board pattern, red colored brick like facade, carved wood furniture and a wooden bridge connecting to separate structure across the street are unique to this Bungalow.
Pierce Leslie Bungalow
The charming mansion was once the office of Pierce Leslie & Co., the famous coffee merchants. Founded in 1862 AD, this building, a representative of Fort Cochin Colonial Bungalow reflects Portuguese, Dutch and local influences. Characteristic features of this bungalow are wood panels that form the roof of ground floor, arched doorways, carved doors and sprawling rooms. Water front verandas are an added attraction to the magnificent house.
Residence Of Vasco Da Gama
Believed to have been the residence of Vasco da Gama, this is one of the oldest Portuguese residences in Fort Cochin. Built in the early 16th century, Vasco House sports the typical European glass paned windows and Balcony cum Verandas characteristic of the times.
Bishop's House
Built in 1506 as the residence of the Portuguese Governor, the Bishop's House stands on a little hillock near Parade Ground in Ernakulam. The facade of the house is characterized by large Gothic Arches and has a circular garden path, winding upto the main entrance. The building was acquired by Dome Jos Gomes Ferreira, the 27th Bishop of the Diocese of Cochin whose jurisdiction extended over Burma, Malaya and Ceylon in addition to India.
Chittur Gurumadam
Chittur Gurumadam, situated in Thekkegramam near Arikkode in Palakkad district, on the banks of the River Sokanasini, Chittur Gurumadam is a memorial to Thunchath Ezhuthachan, the author of 'Adhyatma Ramayana'. It is believed that the poet-saint spent his last days here. A 'srichakra', some of the idols worshipped by him, a stylus, wooden slippers and a few old manuscripts are exhibited here.
Gundert's Bungalow
Gundert's Bungalow at Nettur is on the outskirts of Thalaserry. It is a historically significant place for all lovers of Malayalam Language. Home of Dr. Hermann Gundert (1814-1893), a scholar of the German Basel Mission, who compiled the first Malayalam English dictionary, it is said that the revered German priest and lexicographer lived in the bungalow for 20 years from 1839. Mr. Gundert was the publisher of one of the Malayalam's oldest newspapers, the 'Paschimodayam', and also authored several books on Malayalam grammar.
Idukki Arch Dam
Idukki arch dam is the world's second and Asia's first arch dam, constructed across the Kuravan and Kurathi hills. 550 feet high and 650 feet wide, the dam lies close to the Cheruthoni Barrage. To its west is the Kulamavu Dam. Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary is located close by. The sanctuary spreads over 77 sq. km and is about 450-748 m above sea level. Three dams, namely, Cheruthoni, Idukki and Kulamavu extending to 33 sq. kms, form the Idukki Reservoir.
In Fort Cochin, there stands the famous Jewish Synagogue built in 1568, and preserved till today. The population of the Jews has dropped drastically with the establishing of the Jewish State of Israel, many Jewish settlers in Cochin and other parts of Kerala left the country for Israel. There are only about 17 Jews left, and that the number of adult males does not come up to the required number for a Priest, the Community is without one. The Jewish Synagogue will be probably be taken over by a Trust, and because of it's historical importance to the history of Cochin (Kochi), will be preserved.
Bastion Bungalow
Built in the Indo-European style way back in 1667 AD by the Potuguese, Bastion Bungalow of Ernakulam get its name from its location on the site of the Stromberg Bastion of the old, Dutch fort. The building blends beautifully into the circular structure of the bastion, has a tiled roof and typical first floor verandah in wood, along its front portion. Though it has been said that a network of secret tunnels runs beneath the bungalow, none has been found till now. Today, the bungalow is the official residence of the Sub-Collector.
Bolghatty Palace
A scenic island near the city of Ernakulam, Bolghatty is famous for the Bolghatty Palace built by the Dutch in 1744 AD. This palace was once a Governor's palace for the Dutch and later the home of the British Governors that has now been converted into a hotel. The palace is two-storeyed and contains well-decorated bedchambers and a huge lounge wherein historical portraits are displayed. The ferry ride from the mainland Ernakulam to the island is a pleasurable experience. There is a golf course to boot.
Koder House
Koder House, the magnificent building constructed by Samuel. S. Koder of the Cochin Electric Company in 1808 AD is a supreme example of transition from colonial to Indo-European architecture. Features like Veranda Seats at the entrance, floor tiles set in a chess board pattern, red colored brick like facade, carved wood furniture and a wooden bridge connecting to separate structure across the street are unique to this Bungalow.
Pierce Leslie Bungalow
The charming mansion was once the office of Pierce Leslie & Co., the famous coffee merchants. Founded in 1862 AD, this building, a representative of Fort Cochin Colonial Bungalow reflects Portuguese, Dutch and local influences. Characteristic features of this bungalow are wood panels that form the roof of ground floor, arched doorways, carved doors and sprawling rooms. Water front verandas are an added attraction to the magnificent house.
Residence Of Vasco Da Gama
Believed to have been the residence of Vasco da Gama, this is one of the oldest Portuguese residences in Fort Cochin. Built in the early 16th century, Vasco House sports the typical European glass paned windows and Balcony cum Verandas characteristic of the times.
Bishop's House
Built in 1506 as the residence of the Portuguese Governor, the Bishop's House stands on a little hillock near Parade Ground in Ernakulam. The facade of the house is characterized by large Gothic Arches and has a circular garden path, winding upto the main entrance. The building was acquired by Dome Jos Gomes Ferreira, the 27th Bishop of the Diocese of Cochin whose jurisdiction extended over Burma, Malaya and Ceylon in addition to India.
Chittur Gurumadam
Chittur Gurumadam, situated in Thekkegramam near Arikkode in Palakkad district, on the banks of the River Sokanasini, Chittur Gurumadam is a memorial to Thunchath Ezhuthachan, the author of 'Adhyatma Ramayana'. It is believed that the poet-saint spent his last days here. A 'srichakra', some of the idols worshipped by him, a stylus, wooden slippers and a few old manuscripts are exhibited here.
Gundert's Bungalow
Gundert's Bungalow at Nettur is on the outskirts of Thalaserry. It is a historically significant place for all lovers of Malayalam Language. Home of Dr. Hermann Gundert (1814-1893), a scholar of the German Basel Mission, who compiled the first Malayalam English dictionary, it is said that the revered German priest and lexicographer lived in the bungalow for 20 years from 1839. Mr. Gundert was the publisher of one of the Malayalam's oldest newspapers, the 'Paschimodayam', and also authored several books on Malayalam grammar.
Idukki Arch Dam
Idukki arch dam is the world's second and Asia's first arch dam, constructed across the Kuravan and Kurathi hills. 550 feet high and 650 feet wide, the dam lies close to the Cheruthoni Barrage. To its west is the Kulamavu Dam. Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary is located close by. The sanctuary spreads over 77 sq. km and is about 450-748 m above sea level. Three dams, namely, Cheruthoni, Idukki and Kulamavu extending to 33 sq. kms, form the Idukki Reservoir.
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Museums in Kerala
Museums are the best place to see a region's history, traditions, arts, crafts and culture all at once and museums of Kerala have stood up to the glory of the region. Some of the museums once belonged to the royalty that were once used their palaces or guest houses but with the passing time as the days of kings and queens came to an end, they have been converted into museums for the general public to behold their gorgeous splendor. The government for the benefit of the tourists and the visitors has introduced other museums. Unlike the common conception, Kerala's museums are some of the most exciting places displaying colorful simplicity of the region.
Ambalavayal Heritage Museum
The Ambalavayal Heritage Museum is one of the best heritage museums of Kerala. The museum boasts of one the largest collections of articles that date back to 2nd century AD. Near the Ambukuthi hill region is this heritage museum housing artifacts and belongings of the various tribes of the land. The exhibits here include rare 2nd century artifacts such as clay sculptures, ancient hunting equipments like bows and arrows, stone weapons and other curios.
Krishna Menon Museum
Neighboring the Pazhassi Raja Museum in Kozhikode, the Krishna Menon Museum houses a good collection of paintings by Raja Raja Varma and Raja Ravi Varma. A section is devoted to the memorabilia of the late V.K. Krishna Menon, former Indian Defence Minister and national leader. The section in honor of the great Indian leader V.K Krishna Menon has on display the collection of personal belongings and souvenirs gifted by this world leader.
Museum of Kerala History
The Museum of Kerala History is at Edapally on the way to Aluva. As the name suggests, it is the best place to have a quick glimpse of Kerala's history in the past 2000 years. A statue of Parasurama, the sage who is said to have created Kerala, greets the visitors. Life size figures depict important landmarks of civilization from the Neolithic age to the modern era. It presents one-hour light and sound spectacles of life-size sculptures in concrete, of the makers of Kerala history, together with the background music and commentary with glimpses of the vastness and diversity of Kerala's history over the centuries. The commentary is in English as well as in Malayalam. 87 figures who shaped the history and culture of Kerala in the last two thousand years have been represented here in Light and Sound Tableaus.
Pazhassi Raja Museum
The Pazhassi Raja Museum, located at a distance of 5 km from Kozhikode at East Hill, houses a veritable treasure trove for historians and connoisseurs of art. The museum is under the surveillance of the Archaeological Department of the State. The museum and the art gallery are named after the great Pazhassiraja Kerala Varma of the Padinjare Kovilakom of the Kottayam Royal Family. Pazhassiraja led the famous 'Pazhassi Revolt' against the British East India Company during the second half of the 1700s. Nicknamed the 'Lion of Kerala', Pazhassiraja is also credited with introducing guerilla warfare in the hills of Wayanad to resist the increasingly intolerable British colonialism. This great freedom fighter was shot dead in an encounter on 30 November 1805 AD. The museum has on its display ancient murals, antique bronzes and coins, megalithic relics such as diamond cysts, temple miniatures and umbrella stones.
Science and Technology Museum
The Science and Technology Museum, situated in Thiruvananthapuram was established with the prime objective of setting up of galleries with working or animated and participatory type of exhibits, on all disciplines of Science and Technology. The exhibits at the museum are related to science, technology and electronics. The museum mainly satisfies the curiosities of high school students interested in Science subjects. The Planetarium has 40-minute science-related shows in English at noon daily. The Observatory is situated at one of the highest points in the city near the Museum complex, opposite the Kanakakkunnu Palace. The observatory situated at an altitude of 60 m above sea level affords a bird's eye view of the city.
Hill Palace Museum
Located at a distance of 10 kilometers from Kochi, Hill Palace, the official residence of the Kochi Royal Family was built in 1865. Consisting of 49 buildings, the palace is built in the traditional architectural style of Kerala and is surrounded by 52 acres of terraced land. All sorts of flora of Kerala including rare medicinal plants are found here. A full-fledged ethno-archaeological Museum and Kerala's first ever Heritage Museum are the major attractions. The huge expanse of land that surrounds the royal palace has a Deer Park and has facilities for horse riding.
Exhibited inside the museum are the thirteen galleries of oil paintings, 19th century paintings, murals, sculptures in stone and plaster of Paris, manuscripts, inscriptions, coins, belongings of the Kochi Royal Family, Paliathachan's gallery and royal furniture including the 'Simhasana' (the throne or the king's chair). There are on display 200 antique pieces of pottery and ceramic vases from China and Japan, Kudalkall, tomb stone 'thoppikkallu', hood stone 'menhirs' in granite and Literate memorials, rock cut caves belonging to the early iron, age wooden temple models. There is an amazing array of plaster cast models of objects from Mohanjodaro and Harappa of the Indus Valley civilization of North India. The upper story houses a gallery of contemporary art. The huge area over which the museum is spread provides the facilities for other recreation activities as well.
Kuthiramalika Palace Museum
Situated neat the Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kuthiramalika Palace Museum is a classic specimen of Travancore style of architecture. The palace, with its excellent carvings and amazing architectural designs, is by itself a slice of heritage. The museum has a wide range of exhibits representing the erstwhile state of Travancore. His Highness the Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Balarama Varma of Travancore built the Kuthiramalika Palace. The Palace museum is adorned with paintings and amusing collections of the erstwhile royal family.
The Museum displays the paintings and various priceless collections of the royal family. The paintings and other curios offer a rare glimpse into the private lives of the members of the royal family. The first room of the palace is home to 14 life-size figures depicting various scenes from the Kerala legends and Kathakali. Magnificent ivory cots, thrones of kings, a musical tree that produces the eight 'swaras' when tapped and other such wonders are a few of the attractions of the museum.
Napier Museum
An architectural splendor, the Napier Museum in Thiruvananthapuram combines traditional Kerala style with the Chinese and Mughal influences much evident in its architecture. The 19th century English architect, Chisholm, designed the building, which houses a rare collection of archaeological and historical artifacts.
Priyadarshini Planetorium
Priyadarshini Planetorium is one of the most sophisticated and versatile planetaria in India. This fabulous planetarium complex has a centrally air conditioned Sky theatre of planetarium, conference hall, workshops, sound - studio and other facilities. With a seating capacity of 184, Priyadarsini Planetarium is rated as one of the best horizontal domed planetaria of global standards. It is known for organizing shows such as 'Man And The Universe' that deals with the origin and different stages of development of astronomy, the structure of different planets and the origin of the Universe, 'Myriad Suns' that deals with the birth and death of stars, black holes, neutron stars, star clusters, galaxies, nebula and supernova.
Sree Chitra Art Gallery
Located in the Napier Museum grounds in Trivandrum, Sree Chitra Art Gallery displays select paintings of Raja Ravi Varma, Svetlova and Nicholas Roerich and exquisite works from the Rajput, Mughal and Tanjore schools of art in India. The collection also includes paintings from China, Japan, Tibet and Bali. The art gallery housed in a traditional building next to Napier Museum, houses the collections of the Travancore ruling family, and include an interesting assortment of turn-of-the-century Bengali school paintings, and Rajasthani and Mughal miniatures. Kerala's favorite artist son, Raja Ravi Varma's works include a number of portraits of kings and their families, British residents and distinguished individuals. The paintings are so life like that one can easily get a glimpse of a part of Kerala's history, by looking at them.
Temples of Kerala
Kerala temples are generally constructed in a mixed medium of stone, brick, laterite and wood as a distinctive architectural style of temple building. The stress is laid on the sanctity, simplicity and a prevailing naturalism, which marked the worship in temples. The earlier temples of Kerala were primarily for Shiva and Vishnu or their incarnations such as Krishna, Parasurama, Rama and Vamana. Other shrines such as Swayampradhana shrines dedicated to Ganesha and Kartikeya are of later origin.
Sabarimala Temple:
Sabarimala is a renowned pilgrim center crowning the rugged hills of the Western Ghats. This holy shrine here is dedicated to Lord Ayyappa. The Village of Sabarimala is named after Shabari who did severe penance in order to meet Rama. As the legend goes, touched by her devotion and faith, Lord Rama lovingly ate the half-eaten 'ber' (kind of berries) that she offered. In her simplicity, she had preferred to taste them first to ensure that they were sweet and tasty.
There are two main Pujas called the Mandal Puja and the Makara Sankranti Puja, which are celebrated from November to Middle of January in Kerala, during which time the devotees perform austerities and penance. Devotees wear black 'dhotis' and are bare-chested as they prepare for the pilgrimage to Sabarimala. The temple is at the top of the Neeli hills and the devotees have to climb the treacherous route carrying their meager provision in a bundle called 'Iru Mudi' meaning in 'two folds'.
Guruvayoor Temple:
Guruvayoor, where the famous Sree Krishna Temple is situated, is one of the most sacred and important pilgrim centers of Kerala. The walls of the sanctum are inlaid with exquisite mural paintings and carvings. However, only Hindus are allowed inside the temple.
Sri Padmanabh Swamy Temple:
A famous pilgrimage centre and one of the major attractions in Thiruvananthapuram city, the Maharaja of Travancore built this famous temple with its seven-storey carved gopuram in the Dravidian style in 1733. There are innumerable pillars, intricate carvings and mural paintings of natural pigments. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu who reclines on the sacred serpent Ananda. The image of Vishnu is 18 feet long and a lotus grows from Vishnu's navel and Brahma is seen in the lotus. Several arts forms like Krishnanattam, Koodiyattom, Pavakkoothu, Nokkuvidya, Velakali, Kathakali and others thrived under the patronage of Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.
Vadukkumnathan Temple:
The Vadakkunnathan Temple at Thrissur is one of the famous temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the largest temples in Kerala. Adi Sankaracharya is supposed to have spent his last days in this temple. This temple is a classic example of the Kerala style of architecture. The shrines and the Koothambalam (Temple theatre), display exquisite vignettes carved in wood. Legend says that Parasurama built this temple. This temple is famous for its Pooram Festival, which includes colorful and magnificent processions, brightly decorated elephants and fireworks.
Wildlife of Kerala
The Western Ghats of Kerala is home to as many as fourteen wildlife sanctuaries that are often surrounded some exotic trails in the country. A delight to the adventurous and nature lovers, the air of these habitats has fragrance of spices and other enchantingly aromatic plantations such as tea, coffee, vanilla, oranges and mangoes. Here, we have covered most of the major wildlife sanctuaries and national parks for the benefit of our readers:
Silent Valley National Park
This 90 sq km of almost virgin forest came into focus when the Kerala State Electricity Board decided to set up a hydroelectric project in the Valley in the late 1970s, a proposal which started one of the most hyped debate on environmental debates and both local environmental organizations and prestigious international bodies such as the WWF stood up against it. Finally, the area was declared a National Park in 1980. Probably India's last substantial stretch of tropical evergreen forest, it is home to various species of wildlife such as elephants, tigers, wild dogs, Nilgiri leaf monkeys, Jerdon's palm civets, Nilgiri martens, flying squirrels, lion-tailed macaques and even tahr and gaur along with almost 120 species of avian fauna sighted within the including Nilgiri woodpigeon.
Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary (Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary)
One of the most prominent bird sanctuaries of South India, it has been established recently and stretches across 25 sq km sanctuary between the tributaries of the River Periyar. Both native and migratory water birds including the Malabar grey hornbill, the Great Indian hornbill, the heron egret, the jungle mynah, the rose winged and blue winged parakeet, and the grey jungle fowl can be seen here basking in the delights of its natural surroundings. One may even spot the rare Ceylon frog-mouth or the rose billed roller here while enjoying the boat cruise from Bhoothathankettu to Thattekkad or looking out of the room from the Hornbill Inspection Bungalow at Thattekkad
Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary
Adjacent to the Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu, this sanctuary sprawls across 285 sq km. It has three dams, namely, Parambikulam, Thunakadavu and Peruvaripallam dams and is home to one of the largest populations of gaurs (Indian bisons), besides tigers, leopards, elephants, sambars, tahrs, wild dogs, Indian muntjacs, spotted deers, jungle cats, bonnet macaques, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiris and common langurs besides several other species of fauna along with about 148 bird species, including the great Indian hornbills and the extremely rare Ceylon frogmouths. One can also see crocodiles in its reservoirs and boating and cruising facilities are available on request.
Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary
Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 77 sq km in the Thodupuzha and Udumpanchola talukas of Idukki and occupies the forested area between the Cheruthoni and Periyar rivers. Suroounded by a panoramic lake on three sides, it is home to tropical evergreen and deciduous trees. Lying adjacent to the famed Idukki Arch Dam, one may enjoy the lovely boat rides here while viewing the elephants, bisons, sambars, wild dogs, jungle cats, tigers and wild boars along with numerous species of snakes including cobras, vipers, kraits and numerous non-poisonous varieties. The local avian fauna includes jungle fowls, mynas, laughing thrushes, black bulbuls, peafowls and woodpeckers. Its wildlife is very similar to that at Thekkady.
Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary
60 km from Munnar, with its unique thorny scrub forests and xerophyte species, Chinnar is one of the last shelters for the endangered giant grizzled squirrels, which are said to be less than 200, world over. Lying in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats, Chinnar gets much less rain than Kerala's other wildlife sanctuaries. The extensive sandalwood forest nearby is an added attraction to the place and is an ideal place to watch herds of gaurs passing through the area.
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
The Aralam sanctuary, 35 km from Thalasserry, is spread over 55 sq km of forested highlands of the Western Ghats. Katti Betta is the highest peak of the region rising to a height of 1145 m above sea level. Covered with tropical and semi evergreen forests, the sanctuary is home to myriad of flora and fauna life endemic to the Western Ghats. Herds of deers, elephants, boars, bisons, leopards, jungle cats and various types of squirrels can be spotted here. There is a Central State Farm, a 3,060-hectare farm at the Aralam village nearby, which is one of the country's main production centres of hybrid coconut seeds.
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
50 km from Trivandrum, this sanctuary sprawls across 53 sq km of the Western Ghats. Set amidst hillocks, it houses forests and eucalyptus plantations along with elephants, sambars, leopards and the lion-tailed macaques.
Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
The Neyyar reservoir extends for only 9.06 sq km and offers exceptional opportunities for boating. One can spot here Nilgiri langurs, tigers, leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, jungle cats, sambars, elephants, gaurs, spotted deers and rare lion-tailed macaques. The Crocodile Breeding Centre is the main attraction here, set up here by the Government of India. The park houses reptiles like pythons, cobras and monitor lizards, a deer park, a lion safari park and well-maintained gardens. It also houses Agasthyakoodam hill, named after the legendary Indian sage Agasthya.
Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary
Spread across 12 sq km, this sanctuary lies in the catchment area of the Peechi and Vazhani dams in Thrissur District. The Peechi dam was built for irrigation purposes and its reservoir is an ideal place for boating. One may also spot a wild tusker on its densely forested banks along with peafowls and jungle fowls.
Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary
Chimmini's wildlife sanctuary was established in 1984 adjoining to the Peechi-Vazhani sanctuary. Its dense tropical forests shelter a variety of flora and fauna such as elephants, sambars, gaurs, Malabar squirrels and sloth bears. The dam across the river offers some breathtaking views, making it a favorite picnic spot.
Wynad Wildlife Sanctuary
15 km away from Sulthanbathery, it is also known as Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary. The second largest sanctuary in the Kerala, it occupies an area of 344 sq km. Neighboring the Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and the Bandipur wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, it boasts of elephants, spotted deers, gaurs, sambars and sloth bears along with a large avian and reptilian population. The best time to visit here is between June and October.
Shenduruny WildLife Sanctuary
Near to the Kallida Irrigation Project site, this 100 sq km park is a home to elephants, tigers, leopards, bears and lion-tailed macaques. Visitors often go to Tenmala, which is very near t this place to see the numerous tea and coffee estates of the region.
